* Socialism , Utopian and Scientific by Federick Engels
** The Origin of the Family ,Private Property and the State by Federick
Engels
page 7
The origin of The Family by Engels
Morgan was the first to make an attempt at
introducing a logical order into the history of
primeval society.
He divided it into three main epoches
1. Savagery 2. Barbarism 3. Civilization
1. Savagery redivided into three stages
1. Lower 2. middle 3. Higher
1. Lower Stage of savagery :-
Infancy of human race ". Living in
Tribes
( 2 )
Fruits ,nuts and roots serving as food
(3)
the formation of articulated speech is the principal result of that period
2. Middle stage :-
venison.=animal flesh taken 1. Fire discovered 2. fish being used (as) food
by hunting (3) Hunting stone implements invented
(4) caninbbism comes into existance
3. Higher stage :-
1. Bow and arrow no pottery 2. village settlement
(3)Timber used for Gevil Ineg
4. Cloth weaver
Bows and arrows were for the stage of Savagery what the vision
Sword was for barbarism and the firearm for civilization
the weapon of supermcy.
Page 8
Barbarism
1. Lower Stage :-1. Introduction of pottery. At first wooden pots were
covered with layers of earth , but afterwards earthen pots were discovered 2.
Human races divided into two distinct classes 1. eastern who taimed animals and
had grain 2. western who hd only ‘corn’
2. Middle Stage :-
(a) Western hemisphere i.e in America they grew food plants
(Cultivation and irrigation and baked bricks for house building
(b) Eastern They domesticated animals ; for milk and flesh . No
cultivation in this stage yet.
3. Higher Stage :-
1. melting of iron ore
2. Invention of letter script and its utilization for writing records.
This stage is richer in inventions. This is the period of greek heroes.
3. iron ploughshare drawn by animals to grow orn on larger scale.
4. Clearing forests; and iron axe and iron spade used.
5. Great attainments :- (1) Improved iron tools (2) the bellows (3)hand mill
(4) potter’s wheel (5) Prepration of oil and wine (6)fashioning metals (7)
wagons and chariots (8) ship building
Page 9
9. Artistic Architecture (10) Towns and fort built
11. Homeric Epochs and Entire mythology.
with these attainments Greeks enter the third stage of ‘Civilization’;
To Sum up
1. Savagery - time of predominating appropration of finished natural
products;
human ingenuity invents mainly tools useful in assisting this appropriation .
2. Barbarism :- Time of acquiring knowledge of cattle raising ,of agriculture
and new methods for increasing the productivity of nature by human agency.
3. Civilization :- Time of learning a wider utilization of natural products ,
of manufacturing and art.
_______________ : 0 : _____________
We have ,then ,three main forms of the family corresponding in general to
three main stages of human development .
1. For savagery ; "group marriage
2. For Barbarism the pairing family
3. For Civilization , monogamy , supplemented by adultry and prosititution.
Between the pairing family and monogamy , in the higher stage of barbarism , the
rule of man over female slaves and polygamy is inserted.
PP 90
page 10
Defects of marriage
Especially a long engagement is in nine cases out of ten a perfect training
school of adultry
PP 91
Socialistic Revolution and Marraige Institution
We are now approaching a social revolution , in whcih the old ecoomic
foundations of monogamy will disappear first as surely those of its compliment
prostitution. Monogamy arose through the concentration of considerable wealth in
one hand-a man’s hand -and from the endeavour to bequeath this wealth to the
childrens of the man to the exclusion of all others. This necessiated monogamy
on the women , but not on the man’s part. Hence monogamy of women is no way
hindered open or secret polygamy of men.
Now the impending social revolution will reduce this whole case of
inheritance to a minimum by changing at least the over whelming part of
permanent and inheritable wealth --- the means of production -- into social
property . Since monogamy was caused by economic conditions , will it appear
when these causes are abolished ?
pp91
page 11
" Ah my beloved ,fill the cup that clears
Today of past , Regrets and future fears--
Tomorrow ? --- Why ,Tommorrow I may be
Myself with Yesterday’s sins Thousand Years.
------------------------- : 0 ; -------------------
Here with a loaf of bread beneath the Bough,
A Flask of Wine , a book of verse -- and Thou
Besides me singing in the Wilderness --
And wilderness is paradise now
" Umar Khayyam"
--------------------------- : 0 :-----------------------
State ;- The state presupposes a public power of coersion separted from the
aggregate body of its members . (Engels ) Pp116
Origin of State :- ........... Degeneration of the old feuds between tribes
regular mode of existing by systematic plundering on land and sea for the
purpose of acquring castles , slaves and treasures. In short wealth is praised
and respected as the highest treasure , and the old gentile institutions are
abused in order to justify the forcible robbery of wealth.
Only one thing was missing; an institution that not only secured the newely
acquired property of private individuals against the communistic traditions of
the gens that not only declared as sacred the formerly so despised private
property and represented the protection of this sacred property as the highest
purpose of human society; but that also stamped the gradually developing new
forms of acquiring property of constantly increasing wealth with the universal
sanction of the Society. An institution
pp ....
[Page 12Origin of State ] that lent the character of perpetuity not
only to the newly rising division into classes but also to the right of
possesing classes to exploit and rule the non-posessing classes .
And this institution was found . The State arose.
pp 129-130
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Definition of a Good Government
" Good goverment can never be a substitute for self government. "
" Henery Campbell Bannerman"
" We are convinced that there is only one form of Goverment , whatever it may
be called, namely , where the ultimate control is in the hands of the people."
" Earl of Balfour"
Religion
" My own view of religion is that of Lucretius. I regard it a disease born of
fear , and as source of untold nuisancy to the human race.I cannot however deny
that it has made some contribution to civilization. It helped in early days to
fix the calander and it caused the Egyptian priest to chronicle eclipses with
such care that in time they become able to predict them. These two services I am
prepared to acknowledge, but I donot know any other."
Bernard Russell
Page 13
Benevolent Despotism :-
Montague Chelmford called the British Government a ‘benevolent despotism ‘
and according to Ramsay Macdonald ,the Imperialist leader of British Labor Party
, in all attempts to govern a country by a ‘benevolent despotism’ the goverments
are crushed down. They become subjects who obey, not citizens who act.There
literature , their act , their spiritual expression go"
-----------------------------: 0
:-------------------------------------------------
Gov’t of India
Rt. Hon’ble Edwin S. Montague Secretary of State for India , said in the
house of commons in 1907 :---
" The Goverment of India is too wooden , too iron ,too inelastic ,too
antidiluvian to be of any use for modern purpose. The Indian Government is
indefensible."
British Rule in India :-
Dr. Ruthford’s Words :-
"British Rule as it is carried on in India is the lowest and most immoral
system of government in the world--- the exploitation of one nation by another
."
Liberty and English Life .
The English people love liberty for themselves .They hate all acts of
injustice , except those which they themselves commit. They are such liberty -
loving people that they interfere in the Congo and cry ‘Shame’ to the Belgiam
.But they forget their heals are on the neck of India.
An Irsih author
Page 14
Mob Retaliation
.... Let us therefore examine how men came by the idea of punishment in
this manner.
They learn it from the Governments they live under , and retaliate the
punishment they have been accustomed to behold. The heads struck upon spikes,
which remained for years upon Temple Bar, differed nothing in the horror of the
scene from those carried about upon spikes at Paris; yet this was done by the
English Government. It may perhaps be said that it signifies nothing to a man
what is done to him after he is dead ; but it signifies much to the living; it
either torture their feelings or hardens their hearts, and in either Case it
instructs them how to punish when power falls into their hands.
Lay then the axe to the root, and teach Goverment humanity. It is their
sanguinary punishment which corrupt mankind.............. The effect of those
cruel spectacles exhibited to the populace is to destroy tenderness or excite
revenge ; and by the base and false ideas of governing men by terror instead of
reason, they become precedants.
[Rights of Man PP -32 T. Paine]
Page 15
Monarch and Monarchy ;-
It was not against Louis XVI ; but against despotic principles of goverment
,that the nation revolted.
The principles had not their origin in him, but in original establishment;
many centuries back; and they were become too deeply rooted to be removed ; and
the Augean stable of parasites and plunderers too abominably filthy to be
cleared , by anything short of a complete revolution. When it becomes necessary
to do a thing ,the whole heart and soul should go into the measure ,or not
attempt it ................... The Monarch and Monarchy were distinct and
separate things and it was against the person or principles of former, that the
revolt commenced and the Revolution has been carried.
PP 19
: 0 :
Natural and Civil Rights :--
Man did not enter into the society to become worse than he was before, but to
have those rights better secured. His natural right are the foundation of all
his civil rights.
Natural rights are those which appertain ro man in right of his existance
(intellectual - mental etc )
Civil rights are those that appertain to man in right of his being a member
ofa society
PP44
: 0 :
Page 16
King Salary ;
It is inhuman to talk of a million sterling a year paid out of the public
taxes of any country , for the support of one individual , whilst thousands who
are forced to cntribute there to, are pining
with want and struggling with misery. Government does not consist in
contrast between prisons and palaces ,between poverty and pump; it is not
instituted to rob the needy of his mite and increase the worthlessness of the
wretched.
p 204
-------------------------: 0 : --------------------------
"Give me liberty or death"
" It is invain ,sir, to extenuate the matter , Gentleman , may cry peace,
peace ___ but there is no peace. The war is actually begun.the next gate that
sweeps from the North to our ears the clash of resounding arms.Our bretherns are
already in the field. Why stand we here idle? What is that gentlemen wish? What
would they have? Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the
price of chains and slavery. Forbid it Almighty God! I know not what course
other may take, as for me, give me liberty or death."
Patrick Henery
-----------------: 0 :--------------
Rights of Labour :--- "Who ever produces anything by weary labour , does not
need a revelation from heaven to teach him that he have rights to the thing
produced."
Robert G Ingersoll
Page 17
" We consider it horrible that people should have their heads cut off, but we
have not been taught to see the hour of life- long death which is inflicted upon
a whole population by poverty and tyranny." Mark Twain
: 0 :
Anarchists " .............. The Anarchist and the apostles of insurrection
are also represented ; and if some of the things seem to the readers the mere
unchaining of the furies , I would say ,let him not blame the faithful
anthologist , let him not blame even the writer ....... Let him blame himself ,
who has acquiesced in the existing conditions which have driven his fellowmen to
extreme of madness and despair"
Upton Sinclair --- Preface 19 Cry for Justice
: 0 :
The Old Labouror
" ............ He (the old labourer out of employment ) was struggling
against age , against nature , against cirumstances ; the entire weight of
society ,law and order pressed upon him to force him to love his self respect
and liberty .......... He knocked at the door of the farms and found good in man
only .............. not in law and order , but in individual man alone ."
Richard Jefferies . 30
Page 18
Poor Labourers
"......... And we , the men who braved this task , were out cast of the world
. A blind fate , a vast merciless mechanism , cut and shaped the fabric of our
existance .We were men despised when we were most useful, rejected when we were
not needed, and forgotten when our troubles weighed upon us heavily. We were the
men sent out to fight the spirit of the wastes , rob it for all its primeval
horrors, and batter down the barriers of its world - old defences. Where we were
working a new town would spring up some day ; it was already springing up , and
then ,if one of us walked there ‘ a man with no fixed address , " he would be
taken up and tried as a loiterer and vagrant ."
From Children of the Dead End
By Patrick Macgill c.j 48
: 0 :
Morality :-
" Morality and religion are but words to him who fishes in gutters for the
means of sustaining life , and crouches behind barrels in the street for shelter
from the cutting blasts of winter night " Horace Greeley -128
: 0 :
Hunger " It is desirable for a ruler that no man should suffer from cold
and hunger under his rule . Man cannot maintain his standarad of morals when he
has no ordinary means of living." Kenko Hoshi Budhist monk of Japan 14th Century
P 135
Page 19
Freedom
Men! whose boast it is that ye
Come of fathers brave and free,
If there breathe on earth a slave,
Are you truely free and brave?
If ye do not feel the chain
When it works a brother’s pain
Are ye not base slaves indeed
Slaves unworthy to be freed?
Is true Freedom but to break
Fetters for our own dear sake,
And , with leathern hearts , forget
That we owe mankind a debt?
No! true Freedom is to share
All the chains our brothers wear ,
And, with heart and hand , to be
Earnest to make others free!
They are slaves who fear to speak
For the fallen and the weak;
They are slaves who will not choose
Hatered, scoffing and abuse,
Rather than in silence shrink
From the truth they needs must think:
They are slaves who dare not be
In the right with two or threee
James Russell Lowell (p.189)
Page 20
Full many a gem of purest ray serene,
The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear;
Full many a flower is harm to blush unseen
And waste it sweetness on the desert air.
{ far from the Madding Crowd by Thomas Gray Eglish poet and scholar 1716 -
1771 ed. reference not in note book }
: 0 :
Invention : ----
Hitherto it is questionable if all the mechanical inventions yet made have
lightened day’s toil of any human being.
J S Mill page 199
: 0 :
Alms : -
" There is no one on earth more disgusting and repulsive than who gives
alms .Even as there is no one so miserable as he who accepts them."
Maxim Gorky P 204
Liberty ;- Those corpses of youngmen
Those martyrs that hang from the gibbets
Those hearts pierced by the grey lead,
Cold and motionless as they seem , line close
Where with unslaughtered vitality.
They live in other youngmen , O kings !
They live in books again ready to defy you!
They were purified by death -
they were taught and exalted!
Page 21 Not a grave of the murdered for freedom ,
but grows seed for freedom , in its turn to beer seed,
Which the wind carry afar and re-sow , and the
rains and the snows nourish .
Not a disembodied spirit can the weapons of tyrants let loose,
But it stalks invincibily over the earth , whispring, counselling cautioning.
P 268 "Walt Whitman"
: 0 :
Free Thought
" If there is any thing that cannot bear free thought let it crack."
Wendell Phillips 271
State :-----
" Away with the state ! I will take part in that revolution.Undermine the
whole conception of a state ,declare free choice and spritual kinship to be only
all important condition of any union ,and you will have the commencement of a
liberty that is worth something. "
Hunrich Adbsen 273
Oppressor’s :--------
" Surely oppresive maketh a wise man mad." P 278
Page 22
Martyrs :-------
" The man who flings his whole life into attempt , at the cost of his own
life, to protest against the wrongs of his fellowmen , is a saint compared to
the active and passive upholders of cruelty and injustice , even if his protest
destroy other lives beside his own.Let him who is without sin in society cast
the first stone at such a one . " P 281
Lower Class :-----
While there is a lower class I am in it,
While there is a criminal element I am in it,
While there is a soul in jail I am not free.
Engene B Dabs 144
One against all :- [ Charles Fourier 1772-1837]
The present social order is a ridiculous mechanism ,in which portions of the
whole are in conflict and acting against the whole. We see each class in society
desires, from interest , the misfortune of the other class , placing in every
way individual interest in opposition to public good. The lawyer wishes
litigations and suits , particularily among the rich; the physician desires
sickness .(The latter would be ruined if every body died without disease, as
would the former if all quarrells were settled by arbitration.) The soldier
wants war ,which will carry off half his comrades and secure him promotion; the
undertaker wants burials;monoplists and forestallers want femine ,to double or
treble the price of grain; the architect , the carpenter, the mason , want
conflagration, that will burn down a hundred houses to give activity to their
branches of business.
p 202
Page 23
New Gospel
" Society can overlook murder , adultry or swindling; it never forgives
the preaching of a new gospel.
p327 Fredric Harrison
: 0 :
Tree of Liberty
The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of
patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure.
Thomas Jefferson 332
: 0 :
Chicago Martyrs :------
Say them ,that the man erred grievously, if his eror had been ten times as
great , it ought to have been wiped from human recollection by his
sacrifice.......
Granted freely that their idea of best man of making a protest was utterly
wrong and impossible , granted that they want not the best way to work . But
what was it that drove them into attack against the social order as they found
it? They and thousands of others that stood with them were not bad men nor
depressed nor blood thirsty, nor hard hearted , nor criminals nor selfish , nor
crazy. Then what was it that worked a complaint so bitter and deep
seated...........
No one ever contemplated the simple fact that men do not bend themselves
together to make a protest without the belief that they have something to
protest about and that in any organised state of society a widespread protest is
something far garve enquiry.
Charles Edward Russell 333
: 0:
Page 24 Will of a Revolutionary
" I also wish my friends to speak ittle or not at all about me , because
idols are created when men are praised , and this is very bad for the future of
the human race. Acts alone , no matter by whom committed , ought to be studied ,
praised or blamed.Let them be praised in order that they may be imitated when
thy seem to contribute to the commonweal.Let them be censured when they are
regarded as injurious to the general
well being, so that they may not be repeated.
I desire that on no occasion whether near or remote , nor for any reason what
so ever , shall demonstration of a political or religious character be made
before my remains, as I consider the time devoted to the dead would be better
employed in improving the conditons of the living most of whom stands in great
need of this."
{ Will of Francisco Ferrer , Spanish educator
1859-1909 Executed after the Bacelona riots
by a plot of his clerical enemies.}
: 0 :
Charity:
" Come follow me ." Said Jesus Christ to the rich youngmen.
To stay in his own set and invest his fortune in works of charity ,would have
been comparatively easy. Philanthropy has been fashionable in every age. Charity
takes the insurrectionary edge off of the poverty. Therefore the philanthropic
rich man is a benefactor to his fellow magnates and is made to feel their
gratitude; to him all doors of fashion swing. {But jesus issued a veto.}
He denied the legitimacy of alm-giving as a plaster for the deep lying sore in
the social tissue. ...... Philanthropy as a substitute for justice - he would
have none of it. Charity is twice cursed - it harden him that gives and soften
him that takes. It does more harm to the poor than exploitaton , because it
makes them willing to be exploited . It breads slavishness which is moral
suicide. The only thing Jesus would permit a swollen fortune to do was to give
itself to revolutionary propaganda in order that swollen fortune might be
forever after impossible............
Bonck White Clergyman born 1874 p 353
Page 25
Fight for Freedom
The power of armies is visible thing
Formal and circumscribed in time and space
But who then limits that power shall trace
Which a brave people into light can bring
Or hide ,at will ,- for freedom combating
By just revenge inflamed? No foot may chase,
No eye can follow , to a fatal place
That power that spirit whether on the wing
Like strong wind , or sleeping like the wind
Within its awful caves ----- from year to year
Spring this indigenous produce far and near;
No craft this subtle element can bind,
Rising like water from the soil , to find .
In every nook a lip that it may cheer,
{ W. Wordsworth}
page 26
THE CHARGE OF THE LIGHT BRIGADE
I.
Half a league, half a league,
Half a league onward,
All in the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
‘Forward, the Light Brigade!
Charge for the guns!’ he said:
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
II.
‘Forward, the Light Brigade!’
Was there a man dismay’d?
Not tho’ the soldier knew
Some one had blunder’d:
Their’s not to make reply,
Their’s not to reason why,
Their’s but to do and die:
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
III.
Cannon to right of them,
Cannon to left of them,
Cannon in front of them
Volley’d and thunder’d;
Storm’d at with shot and shell,
Boldly they rode and well,
Into the jaws of Death,
Into the mouth of Hell
Rode the six hundred.
IV.
Flash’d all their sabres bare,
Flash’d as they turn’d in air
Sabring the gunners there,
Charging an army, while
All the world wonder’d:
page27
Plunged in the battery-smoke
Right thro’ the line they broke;
Cossack and Russian
Reel’d from the sabre-stroke
Shatter’d and sunder’d.
Then they rode back, but not
Not the six hundred.
V.
Cannon to right of them,
Cannon to left of them,
Cannon behind them
Volley’d and thunder’d;
Storm’d at with shot and shell,
While horse and hero fell,
They that had fought so well
Came thro’ the jaws of Death,
Back from the mouth of Hell,
All that was left of them,
Left of six hundred.
VI.
When can their glory fade?
O the wild charge they made!
All the world wonder’d.
Honour the charge they made!
Honour the Light Brigade,
Noble six hundred!
{URDU }
Dil De To Iss Mizaaj kai Parwardigar De
Jo Gam kee Ghari Ko Bhee Khushi se Gujar De
Sajaa Kar Mayyiat-e-umeed naakami kePhoolon Se
Kisi Hamdarad ne Rakh di mere toote hue Dil main
Chherh naa ai Farishte ! tu zikre ghame -Jaanaanaan
Kyon yaad dilaate ho Bhulaa Huaa Afsaanaa
page 28
Birth right
We’re the sons of that baffled
crowned and mirtes tyranny,
They defied the field and scoffold,
For their birth - rights - so will we !
[ J Campbell ]
: 0 :
Glory of the Cause
Ah! not for idle hatred , not
For honour , fame , nor self’applause,
But for the glory of the cause,
You did, what will not be forgot.
[ Arthur Chough ]
: 0 :
Immorality of soul : -
For you know if you can once get a man beleiving in immorality there is
nothing more left for you to desire ; you can take everything in the world he
owns - you can skin him alive if you please - and he will bear it with perfect
good humour.
[ Upton Sinclair 403 c j ]
: 0 :
God Tyrants
A tyrant must put on the appearence of uncommon devotion to religion.Subjects
are less apprehensive of illegal treatment from a ruler whom they consider God -
fearing and pious. On the other hand , they do less easily move against him ,
beleiving that he has the gods on his side.
[ ................. ]
page 29
Soldiers & Thought
If my soldiers were to begin to reflect ; not one of them would be in the
ranks.
[ Fredrick the Great ] 502 { 366 new ed}
: 0 :
The Noblest Fallen
The Noblest have fallen , they were buried
Obscurely in a deserted place.
No tears fell over them
Strange hands carried them to the grave
No cross , no enclouser , and no tomb stone tell
Their glorious names.
Grass grows over them , a feeble blade
bending low keeps the secret,
The sole witness were the surging waves ,
which furiously beat against the shore
But even they the mighty waves could
Not carry farewell greetings to
The distant home.
[ V N Figner]
: 0 :
Prison
There were no stars , no earth , no time ,
No check , no change , no good , no crime,
But silence , and a stirless breath,
Which neithr was of life nor death.
[ The Prisoner of Chillon}
Page 30
After Conviction
During the moments which immediatly follow upon his sentence , the mind of
the condemned in many respects resembles that of aman on the point of death.
Quiet and as if inspired he no longer clings to what he is about to leave , but
firmly looks in front of him, fully conscious of the fact that what is coming is
inevitable.
[ V N Figner ]
: 0 :
The Prisoner
It is a suffocating under the low dirty roof;
My strength grows weaker year by year :
They oppress me , this stormy floor,
This iron chained table ,
This bed of steel , this chair , chained
To the walls , like boards of grave .
In this eternal dumb , deep silence
One can only consider oneself a corpse.
" N . A . Morozov"
: 0 :
Naked walls , prison thoughts ,
How dark and sad you are!
How heavy to tie a prisoner in active,
And dream of years of feedom
" Morozov"
: 0 :
urdu " Tujeh jibah karne kee khushi mujhe marne ka shok
Meri Bhee marji wohi hai jo mere siad kee hai
Page 31
Everything here is so silent , lifeless , pale
The years pass fruitless leaving no trace;
The weeks and days drag on heavily,
Bringing only dull bored in their suite.
[Morozov]
: 0 :
Our thoughts , grow dull from long confinement;
there is a feeling of heaviness in our bone;
The minutes seem eternal from torturing pain,
In this cell , from steps wide.
: 0 :
Entirly for our fellow we must live,
Our entire selves for them we must give,
And for their sakes struggle against ill fate.
[Morozov]
Came to set me Free ;--
At least men came to set me free;
I asked not why and recked not where,
It was at length the same to me ,
Fettered a fetterless to be,
I learned to love dispair.
And thus when they appeared at last,
And all my bonds aside were cast,
These heavy walls to me had grown
A hermitage ---- and all my own.
[The Prisoners of Chillon]
{Ed. by Lord Byron }
Page 32
‘And from on high we have been honoured with a mission !
We passed a severe school , but acquired higher knowledge
Thanks to exile , prison , and a bitter lot,
We know and value the world of truth and freedom!
[ Prisoners of schulesselburg ]
: 0 :
Death and Suffering of a child ;-
A child was born , he committed consciously neither bad nor good actions. He
fell ill he suffered much and long , untill he died in terrible agony . Why?
Wherefore ? It is eternal riddle for the philosphers.’
: 0 :
Frame of mind of a Revolutionary : ----
He who has ever been under the influence of the life of Jesus , who was borne
in the name of an ideal , humiliation , suffering and death; he who has once
considered Him as an ideal and his life as the prototype of a disinterested love
- will understand the frame of mind of the revolutonary who has been sentenced
and thrown into a
tomb for his work on behalf of popular freedom."
[ Vera N Figner ]
: 0 :
Rights : ---
Don’t ask for rights , take them. And don’t let any one give them to you .A
right that handed to you for nothing has something the matter with it. It’s more
than likely it is only a wrong turned in side out.
Page 33
No Enemies?
You have no enemies you say ?
Alas! my friend the boast is poor;
He who has mingled in the fray
of duty , that the brave endure,
Must have made foes! If you have none,
small is the work you have done.
You ‘ve hit no traitor on the hip,
You ‘ve dashed no cup from perjured lip,
You ‘ve never turned the wrong to right,
You ‘ve been a coward in the fight.
[ Charles Mackey 747 ] {ed. now cry for justice 493(1996)}
: 0 :
Child Labour
No fledgling feeds the father bird !
No chiken feeds the hen,
No kitten mouses for the cat -
This glory is for men.
We are the Wisest , Strongest Race -
Loud may our praise be sung !
The only animal alive
That lives upon its young !
[ Charlotte Perkins Gilman ] { now C F J p442}
Page 34
No Classes ! No Compromise !!
( George D. Herron)
Under the Socialist movement there is coming a time and the time may be even
now at hand , when improved conditions or adjusted wages will no longer be
thought to be an answer to cry for labour; yes when these will be but an insult
of the common intelligence. It is not for better wages, improved capialist
conditions or a share of capitalist profits that the Socialist movement is in
the world; it is here for the abolition or wages and profits and for the end of
capitalism and private capital. Reformed political institutions boards of
arbitration between capital and labour ,philanthropies and privilages that are
but the capitalist’s gifts- none of these can much longer answer the question
that is making the temples ,thrones and Parliments of the nation tremble. There
can be no peace between the man who is down and the man who builds on his back.
There can be no reconcilliation between classes; there can only be end of
classes. It is idle to talk of goodwill untill there is first justice, and idle
to talk of justice untill the man who makes the world possesses the work of his
own hands. The cry of the world’s workers can be answered with nothing save the
whole product of their work.
(George D. Herron)
Page 35
Wastes of Capitalism
Economic estimates about Austrelia by Theodore Hertzka (1886)
Every family = 5-roomed 40 ft sq House to last for 50 years
Workers’ workable age : 16 to 50
So we hve 5,000,000.
Labour of 615,000 workers is sufficient to produce food for 22,000,000 people
= 12.3% of labour
Including labour cost of transport ,luxuries need only 315,000 = 6.33%
workers’ labour
That amounts to this that 20% of the available labour is enough for
supporting the whole of continent. The rest 80% is exploited and wasted de to
capitalist order of society.
Page 36
Czarist Regime & the Bolshevish Regime
Fraigier Hunt tells that in the first fourteen months of their rule ,the
Bolshiviks executed 4500 men , mostly for stealing and speculation.
After the 1905 Revolution , Stolypin , minister of Czar caused the excecution
of 32773 men
within twelve months.
[ p390]
[ Brass Check]
Page 37
Permanency of the Social Institutions
It is one of the illusions of each generation that the social institutions in
which it lives are, in some peculiar ‘sense’, "natural " , unchangeable and
permanent. Yet for countless thousands of years, social institutions have been
successively arising , developing, decaying and becoming gradually superseded by
others better adopted to contemporary needs.......
.... The question ,then , is not whether our present civilization will be
transformed ,but how it will be trasformed?
It may be considerate adaption , be made to pass gradually and peacefully
into a new form . Or , if there is angry resistance instead of adaption ,it my
crash , leaving mankind painfully to build up a new civilization from the lower
level of stage of social chaos and disorder in which not only the abuses but
also the material, intellectual and moral gains of the previous order will have
been lost.
P1 Decay of Cap. Civilization
:0:
Page 38
Capitalism and Commercialism :----
Rabinder Nath’s adress to an assembly of Japanese students :---
" You had your own industry in Japan ; how scrupulously honest and true it
was, you can see by its products - by their grace and strength , their
conscientiousness in details where they can hardly be observed . But the tidal
wave of falsehood has swept over your land from that part of the world where
business is business and honesty is followed merely as the best policy. Have you
never felt shame when you see the trade advertisements , not only plastering the
whole town with lies and exaggerations, but invading the green fields , where
the peasents do their honest labour, and to hilltops which greet the first light
of the morning?..... This commercialism with its barbarity of ugly decorations
is a terrible menance to all humanity , because it is setting up the ideal of
power over perfection . It is making the cult of self seekig exult in its naked
shamelessness.................
page 39 ... Its movements are violent , its noise is discardently loud.
It is carrying its own damnation because it is trampling into distortion. The
humanity upon which it stands .It is strenously turning out the money at the
cost of happiness......... The vital ambition of the present civilization of
Europe is to have the exclusive possesion of devil.
:0:
Capitalist Society :
"The foremost truth of political economy is that everyone desires to obtain
individual wealth with as little sacrifice as possible."
" Nassan Senior"
Page 40
Karl Marx on Religion :------
Man makes religion ; religion does not make man. Religion , indeed, is the
self consciousness and the self feeling of man who either has not yet found
himself or else ( have found himself) has lost himself once more. But men is not
an abstract being squatting down somewhere outside the world . Man is the world
of men , the state , society. This state ,this society produces religion,
produces a perverted world consciousness, because they are a perverted world.
Religion is the generalised theory of this world its encylopaedic compend , its
logic in a popular form ........... The fight against religion is, therefore a
direct compaign against the world whose spiritual aroma is religion
......................................
Page 41
continued from last page:------
Religion is the sigh of oppressed creature the feelings of a heartless world
just as it is the spirit of inspiritual conditions. " It is the opium of the
people"
The people cannot be really happy untill it has been deprived of illusory
happines by the abolition of religion. The demand that the people should shake
itself free of illusion as to its own condition is the demand that it should
abondon a condition which needs illusion
The weapon of criticism cannot replace the critiism of weapons. Physical
force must be overthrown by physical force as soon as it takes possesion of the
masses.
Page 42
A Revolution not Utopian
A radical revolution , the general amancipation of mankind , is not a utopian
dream for Germany ; what is utopian is the idea of a partial, an exclusively
political revolution , which would leave the pillar’s of the house standing.
" Great are great because
we are on knees
Let us Rise. "
Page 46
Democracy : ----
Democracy is theoratically a system of political and legal equality . But in
concrete and practical operation it is false, for there can be no equality , not
even in politics and before the law , so long as there is glaring in equality in
economic power. So long as the ruling class owns the worker’s jobs and the press
and the schools of country and all organs for the moulding and expression of
public opinion; so long as it monopolise all trained public functionaries and
disposes of unlimited funds to influence elections , so long as the laws are
made by ruling class and the courts are presided over by members of that class,
so long as lawyers are private practitioners who sell their skill to the
heighest bidder and litigation is technical and costly , so long will the
nominal equality before the law be a hollow mackery.
In a capitalist regime the whole machinary of democracy operates to keep the
ruling class monority in power thrugh the sufferage of working class majority,
and when the bourgeois goverment feels itself endangered by democratic
institutions, such institutions re often crushed without compunction.
[ p 58]
[ From Marx to Lenin ]
[ by Morris Hillquit ]
Democracy does not secure " equal rights and a share in all political rights
for every body , to what ever class or party he may belong " (Kautsky) It only
allows free political and legel play .For the existing economic inequalities
............. Democracy under capitalism is thus not general, abstract democracy
but specific bourgeois democracy .......... or as Lenin terms it -------------
democracy for bourgeois .
( ......... not readable ed. )
Page 47
" Term "Revolution" defined " :----
" The conception of revolution is not to be treated in the police
interpretation of term , in the sense of an armed rising. A party would be mad
that would choose the method of insurrection on principle so long as it has at
its disposal different , less costly , and safer methods of action. In that
sense , social democracy was never revolutioanry on principle . It is only in
the sense that it recognises that when it attains political power, it cannot
employ it for any other than the abolition of the mode of production upon which
thw present system rests. "
" Karl Kautsky"
: 0 :
Some facts and figures about United States
5 men can produce bread for 1000
1 man acn produce cotton cloth for 250
1 man can produce woollen for 300
1 man can produce boots and shoes for 1000
p78 Iron Heel
: 0 :
15,000,000 are living in abject poverty who cannot even maintain their
working efficiency. 3,000,000 child labourer
: 0 :
Re: England :---
Pre war estimates
Total production of England ( per annum) 2000,000,000
Gains through foreign investments 200,000,000
1/9 th part of population took away 1/2 1100,000,000
2/9 th ‘’ ‘’ ‘’ 1/3 of rest 1100,000,000
i.e 300,000,000
..................... (ed. rest not readable )
Page 48
Internationale
Arise, ye prisoners of starvation !
Arise ye wretched on earth ,
To justice thunders condemnation,
A better world’s in birth.
No more traditions chain shall bind us,
Arise ye slaves ! no more in thrall !
The earth shall rise on new foundation ,
we have been naught we be all
[refrain]
it is like final conflict ,
Let earth stand on his place,
The international party ,
Shall be the human race.
---------------------------------
Behold them seated in their glory,
The kings of mine and rail and soil,
When would you read in all their story,
But how they plundered toil?
Fruits of people’s work are buried,
In the strong coffers of a few,
In voting for their restitution,
The men will ask only for their due,
[ same Refrain ]
Toilers from shops and fields united ,
The party we of all who work,
The earth belongs to us, the people,
No room here for the shirk,
How many on our flesh have fattened?
But if the noise some birds of pray ,
Shall vanish from our sky some morning ,
The blessed sunlight still will stay,
[ same Refrain again]
Page 49
Marseillaise
Ye sons of toil ,awake to glory !
Hark , hark , what myraids bid you rise,
Your children, wives and grand sires hoary,
Behold their tears and hear their cries,
Shall hateful tyrants mischief breeding,
With hireling hosts , aruffian band --,
Affright and desolute the land
While peace and liberty lie bleeding ?
[ chorus]
To arms , To arms ! Ye brave!
The avenging sword unsheathe
March on , march on , all hearts resolved,
On Victory or death.
With luxury and pride unsounded,
The vile insatiate despots dare,
Their thirst for gold and power unbounded
To meet and vend the light and air;
Like beasts of burden would they load us,
Like gods would bid their slaves adore,
But man is man and who is more ?
Then shall they longer last and goad us ?
[ The same chorus again ]
Oh liberty ! Can man resign thee,
Once having felt thy generous flame ?
Can dungeons bolts and bars confine thee ,
Or whips thy noble spirit tame ?
Too long the world has wept bewailing ,
The falsehood daggers tyrants wield;
But freedom is our sword and shield,
And all their arts are unavailing ?
[Same Chorus again ]
Page 50
Growth of Opportunism : ----
It was the possibility of acting within the law that reared opportunism
within labour parties of the period of Second International .
[ Lenin vide Collapse of II Int. N ]
Illegal Work
" In a country where the bourgeosie , or the counter - revolutionary Social
Democracy is in power , te Communist Party must learn to coordinate its legal
work with illegal work and legal work must always be under the effective control
of illegal party."
Bukharin
: 0 :
Betrayal of II Int. N’s Cause
The vast organisation of socialism and labour were adjusted to such peace
time activities , and when the crisis came , a number of the leaders and large
portion of masses were unable to adopt themselves to the new situation ...... It
is inevitable development that accounts largely for the betrayal of II
International.
Marx to Lenin p 140
Morris Hillquiet
: 0 :
The Cynic’s Word Book (1906)
Ambrose Prierce writes :---
" Grape shot --- (n) -- An argument which the future is preparing in answer
to the demands of American Socialism. "
Rifles !
" You say you will have majority in the Parliament and State offices , but "
How many rifles have you got ? Do you know where you can get plenty of lead ?
When it comes to powder , the chemical mixtures are better than mechanical
mixtures. You take my word."
p198 Iron Heel
Page 53
Power and its Achievement
A socialist leader had addressed a meeting of the plutocrats and charged them
of mismanging the society and there by thrown the whole resposibilit for the
woes and misery that confronts the suffering humanity.After wards a capitalist (
Mr. Wickson)rose and addressed him as follows :
" This, then, is our answer . We have no words to waste on you. When you
reach out your vaunted strong hands for our palaces and purpled ease , we will
show you what strength is. In roar os shell and shrapnel and in whine of machine
guns will our answer be couched. We will grind you revolutioists down under our
heel, and we shall walk upon your faces. The world is ours. We are its lords and
ours it shall remain. as for the host of labour. It has always been in the dirt
since history began , and I read history aright. And in the dirt it shall remain
so long as I and mine , and those that come after us , have the power.
There is the word. It is the king of words ---- Power. Not God , not mammon
but power. Pour it over your tongue till it tingles with it. "Power"
" I am answered." Earnest (the socialist leader) said quietly. " Itis the
only answer that could be given. Power. It is what we of the working class
preach. We know and well we know by bitter experience that no appel for the
right, for justice, for humanity can ever touch you. Your hearts are hard as
your heels with which you tread upon the faces of the poor. So we have preached
power. By the Power of our ballots , on election day will we take your
government away from you ........ "
" What if you do get a majority, a sweeping majority on election day." Mr.
Wickson broke in to demand . "Suppose we refuse to turn the Government over to
you after you have captured it at the ballot box?"
Page 54
" That also we have considered, " Earnest replied. "And we shall give you an
answer in terms of lead. Power, you have proclaimed the king of words. Very
good! Power, it shall be. And in the day that we sweep to victory at the ballot
box, and you refuse to turn over to us the government we have constitutionally
and peacefully captured and you demand what we are going to do about it -- ? ---
in that day. I say , we shall answer you ; and in roar of shell and shrapnel, in
whine of machine guns shall our answer be couched .
" You can not escape us. It is true that you have read history aright. It is
true that labour has , from the begining of history been in the dirt . And it is
equally true that so long as you and yours and those that come after you , have
power, that labour shall remain in dirt. I agree with
you. I agree with all you have said. Power will be the arbiter, as it always
have been the arbiter. It is a struggle of classes. Just as your class dragged
down the old feudal nobility , so shall be draged down by my class, the working
class. If you will read your biology and your sociology as clearly as do your
history, you will see that this end I have described is inevitable. It does not
matter whether it is in one year , ten or a thousand -- your class will be
draged down .And it shall be done by power. We of the labour host have coined
that word over , till our minds are all atingle with it. Power. It is kingly
word.
Iron Heel P 88
by Jack London
Page 55
Figures : ----
England :---
1922 -- Number of men employment - 1,135,000
1926 -- It has oscillated to 11/4 and 11/2
millions
i.e 1,250,000 to 1,500,000
Betrayal of the English Labour Leaders
The years 1911 to 1913 were times of unparalled class struggles of the
miners, railwaymen, and transport workers generally. In August 1911, a national
, in other words a general strike broke out on the railways . The vague shadow
of revolution hovered over Britain in those days. The leaders exerted all their
strength in order to paralys the movement. Their motive was "Patriotism"; the
affair was occuring at the time of the Agadir incident which thretened to lead
to war with Germany. As is well known today, the Premier summoned the workers’
leaders to a secret council , and called them to salvation of he fatherland. And
leaders did all that lay in their power , strengthening the bourgeoisie and thus
preparing the way for the imperialist slaughter.
P3
Where is Britain going?
Trotsky
Page 56
Betrayal :--
Only after 1920 ,did the movement returns within bounds , after "Black
Friday" when Triple alliance of miner’s ,railwatmen’s and transport leaders
betrayed the general strike.
P3
: 0 :
For Reform a Threat of Revolution is necessary : ----
" The British bourgeoisie reckoned that by such means (reform) a revolution
could be avoided. It follows, therefore, that even for the introduction of
reforms , the principle of gradualness alone is insufficient, and that an actual
threat of revolution is necessary.
p29
: 0 :
Social Solidarity :
It would seem that once we stand for the annihilation of a privileged class
which has no desire to pass from the scene, we have there in the the basic
contents of class struggle. But no, Macdonald desires to "evoke" the
consciousness of social solidarity . With whom? The solidarity of working class
is the expression of its internal welding in the struggle with the bourgeoisie.
The social solidarity which Macdonald preaches is the solidarity of the
exploited with the exploiters in other words, the maintenance of exploitation.
Revolution a Calamity :-----
" The revolution in Russia ", says Macdonald, " taught us a great lesson. It
showed that revolutions is a ruin and a calamity and nothing more."
Page 57
Revolution leads only to calamity ! But the British Democracy led to the
imperialist war, ............ With the ruin of which the calamities of
revolution cannot ,of course , be compared in the very least. But in addition to
this , wht deaf ears and shameless face are necessary in order ,in the face of a
revolution which overthrew Tzarism, nobility and bougeoisie, shook the church ,
awakened to a new life a nation of 130 million, a whole family of nations , to
decare that revolution is a calamity and nothing more.
p 64
: 0 :
Peaceful ? : ----
When and where did the ruling class ever yield power and property on the
order of a peaceful vote -- and especially such a class as the British
bourgeoisie which has behind it centuries of world rapacity ?
p 66
: 0 :
Aim of socialism :--- Peace
It is absolutely unchallenged that the aim of socialism is to eliminate
force, first of all in its most crude and bloody forms , and afterwards in other
more concealed forms.
p80
Where is Britain Going ?
Trotsky
Aim of the World Revolution :-----
1. To ver through capitalism
2. To control the nature for the service of humanity.
This is how Bukharin defined it.
Page 58
Man and machinary
The United States Bureau of Labour tells:
12 lbs package of pins can be made by a man working with a machine in 1 hr 34
minutes.
The same would take 140 hours and 55 minutes , if man works with tools only,
but without machine.
Ratio 1.34 : 140.55 times
: 0 :
100 pairs of shoes by machine work takes 234 hr 25 minutes
By hand it will take 1,831 hrs 40 minutes
Labour cost on machine is $ 69.55
"" "" by hand is $ 457.92
: 0 :
500 yards of gingham checks ae made by machine labour in 73 hours
By hand labour , it takes 5,844 hours
: 0 :
100 lbs of sewing cotton can be made by machine labour in 39 hours
By hand it takes 2,895 hours
Re: Agriculture
A good man with scythe can reap 1 acre a day ( 12 hours)
A machine does the same work in 20 minutes.
Six men with flials can thresh 60 liters of wheat in half an hour
One machine thresher can do 12 times as much .
" The increased effectiveness of man - labour aided by the use of machinery
....... varies from 150 % in the case of rye to 2,244 % in the case of
Barley.......... "
Page 59
The wealth of U.S.A and its Population : 1850 - 1912
per capita T. Population
In 1850 total wealth was $ 7,135,780,000 $ 308 = 23,191,876
1860 Total wealth was $ 16,159,616,000 $ 514 = 31,443,321
1870 " $ 30,068,518,000 $ 780 = 38,558,371
1880 " $ 43,642,000,000 $ 870 = 50,155,783
1890 $ 65,037,091,000 $ 1,036 = 62,947,714
1900 $ 88,517,307,000 $ 1,165 = 75,994,575
1904 $ 107,104,202,000 $ 1,318 = 82,416,551
1912 $ 187,139,071,000 $ 1,965 = 95,410,503
Due to the use of machinary
: 0 :
The machine is social in nature as the tool was individual
: 0 :
" Give us worst cotton , but give us better men."
Says Emerson
" Deliver me , those rickety perishing souls of infants , and let the cotton
trade take its chance."
P 81
: 0 :
The man cannot be sacrificed to machine .The machine must serve mankind. Yet
the danger to the human race lurks , menancing in the Industrial Regime.
Poverty and Riches P 81
Scott Nearing
Page 60
Man and Machinary :
C. Hanford Henderson in his " Pay Day" writes :
" This institution of industry the most primitive of all institution ,
organised and developed in order to free mankind from tyranny of Things , has
become it self the greater tyrant degrading a multitude into the conditions of
slaves - slaves doomed to produce , through long and weary hours , a senseless
glut of things and then forced to suffer for the lack of the very things they
have produced. "
Pov. Riches P 87
: 0 :
Man is not Machinary :---
The combination of steel and fire ,which man has produced and called a
machine , which man has produced and called machine , must be ever the servant,
never the master of man. Neither the machine nor the machine owner may rule the
human race.
P 88
: 0 :
Imperialism : ---
Imperiaism is capitalism in that stage of developent in which monopolies and
financial capital have attained a preponderating influence, the export of
capital has acquired great importance the international trusts have begun the
partition of world , and the biggest capitalist countries have completed the
division of the entire terrestrial globe among themselves. "
Lenin
Page 61
Dictatorship : ----
Dictatorship is an authority relying directly upon force , and not bound by
any laws.
The revolutionary dictatorship of the proltariat is an authority managed by
the proletariate by means of force over and against the bourgeoisie , and not
bound by any laws.
Prol. Rev p18 Lenin
: 0 :
Revolutionary Dictatorship :---
Revolution is an act in which one section of the population imposes its will
upon the other by rifles, bayonets , guns and other such exceedingly
authoritarian means. And the party which has won is necessarily compelled to
maintain its rule by means of that fear which in arms inspire in the
reactionaries. If the Commune of Paris had not relied upon the armed people as
against bourgeoisie , would it have maintained it self more than twenty- four
hours? Are we not, in contrary, justified in reproaching the commune for having
employed this authority too little ?"
F.Engles
: 0 :
Bourgeoisie Democracy : ---
Bourgeoisie Democracy while constituting a great historical advance in
comparison with feudalism nevertheless remains and cannot but remain , a very
limited , a very hypocritical institution , a paradise for the rich and a trap
and a delusion for the exploited and for the poor.
Lenin P 28
Page 62
Exploitation of labour and state :---
Not only the ancient and feudal, but also the representative state of today
is an instrument of exploitation of wage labour by capital."
Engles
: 0 :
Dictatorship : ------
"Since the state is only a temporary institution which is to be made use in
revolution in order forcibly to suppress the opponents. It is perfectly absurd
to talk about a free popular state ; so long as the proletariat still needs it
not in the interest of freedom ; but in order to suppress its opponents , and
when it becomes possible to speak of freedom the state , as such ,ceases to
exist. "
Engels in his letter to Babels March 28th 1875
: 0 :
The impatient Idealist :-----
The impatient idealist --- and without some impatience a man hardly prove
effective --- is almost sure to be led into hatered by the opposition, and
disappointments which he encounters in his endeavaour to bring happiness to the
world.
Bertrand Russell
: 0 :
Page 63
Leader :--
" No time need have gone to ruin" writes Carlyle , " Could it have found a
man great enough , a man wise and good enough ; wisdom to dicern truely what the
time wanted valour to lead it on the right road thither; these are the salvation
of any time."
: 0 :
Arbitrariness :--
Kautsky had written a booklet with the title "Proletariate Dictatorship" and
had deplored the act of Bolsheviks in depriving the burgeoisie people from right
to vote. Lenin writes in his "Proletarian Revolution " : -- P 77
Arbitariness ! Only tink what a depth of meanest subserviency to bourgeoisie
and of the most idiotic pedantry is contained in such a reproach , when
thoroughly bourgeios and for the most part even reactionaries jurists of
capitalist countries have in the course of , we may almost say , centuries ,
been drawing up rules and regulations and writing up hundreds of volumes of
various codes and laws , and of interpretations of them to oppress the workers ,
to bind hand and foot (of) the poor men , and to place a hundred and one
hindrances and ob
stacles in the way of the simple and toiling masses of people --- when this
is done , the bourgeois Liberals and Mr. Kautsky can see no "arbitrariness"! It
is all Law and Order ! It has all been thought out and written down, how the
poor man is to be kept dwn and squeezed. There are thousands and thousands of
bourgeois lawyers and officials able to interpret the laws that the workers and
average peasent can never break through their barbed wire entanglements. This of
course ,is not a dictatorship of the filthy or profit-seeking exploiters who are
drinking the blood of te people. Oh it is nothing of the kind! It is ‘pure
democracy’ which is becoming purer Page 64 and purer everyday. But when
the toiling and exploited masses for the first time in history seprated by
Imperialist War from their brothers across the frontier, have constructed their
Soviets, have summoned to the workers of political constrution , the classes
which the bourgeois used to oppress and to stupefy, and begun themselves to
build up a new proletarian State, begun in the midest of raging battles ,in the
fire of Civil War, to lay down the fundamental principles of "a State without
exploiters" , then all the scoundrals of the bourgeoisie , the entire band of
blood suckers, with Kautsky, singing ‘obliger to’ scream about arbitariness!"
Lenin p77-78
: 0 :
Party :--
But it has become clear that no revolution is possible unless there is a
party able to lead the revolution.
( p 15 Lessons of October 1917 )
A party is the instrument indespensible to a proletarian revolution.
( p17 Idib by Trotesky )
Signatures of B K Dutt
Dated 12/7/30
Law, morality. religion are to him ( the woring man ) so many bourgeois
prejudices behind which lurk in ambush just as many bourgeois interests.
Karl Marx -- Menifesto
Page 67
Autograph of Sh B K Dutta
12th July ‘30
Autograph of Mr. B K Dutta taken on 12th July ‘30 in Cell No 137 Central jail
Lahore four days before his final departure from this jail .
Sd/- Bhagat Singh
Page 68
Blank
Page 69
Aim of communists : ---
" The communists disdain to conceal their views and aim. They openly declare
that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing
social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution. The
proletarians have nothing to loose but their chains. They have a world to win
Workingmen of all countries , unite.
: 0 :
Aim of Communist Revolution :---
" We have seen above , that the first step in the revolution by working class
is to raise the proletriat to the position of ruling class, to win the battle of
democracy to wrest , by degree , all capital from the bourgeoisie , to
centralise all instruments of production in the hands of the State , i.e of the
proletraiat organised as the ruling class, and to increase the total of
productive forces as rapidly as possible. "
" Communist Manifesto "
Page 70
To point out the mistakes of Karl Marx :-----
..... And it certainly looks as if Trotsky belonged to what Germans called
the school of "real politics " and was as innocent as Bismarck of any ideology
at all. And it is therefore rather curious to note that even Trotsky is not
revolutionary enough to say that Marx had made mistake; but feels obliged to
devote a page or so to the task of exegesis -- that is , proving that the sacred
books meant something quite different from what they said.
Preface to The lessons of October 1917
by Trotsky
Preface by A.Susan Lawrence
Voice of the People :-----
The Goverment we know have all ruled , in the main, by indifference of
people; they have always been gov’t of a minority of this or that fraction of
the country which is politically conscious. But when the gaint wakes , he will
have his way , and all that matters to the world is whether he will wake in
time.
Preface
Page 71
" It so often happens." wrote Lenin in July 1917, " that when events take
a sudden turn, even an advanced party cannot adapt itself for some time to the
new coditions. It goes on repeating yesterday’s watch words which under the new
circumstances have become empty of meaning and which have lost meaning
‘unexpectedly’ , just in proportion as the change of in events has been
unexpected. "
Lesson of October P17
: 0 :
Tactics and Strategy : -------
In politics as in war , tactics means the art of conducting isolated
operations ; strategy means the art of victory , that is the actual seizure of
power.
P 18
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Propoganda and Action :----
And it is an extremely sudden change, when the party of Proletriat passes
from prepration , from propaganda and organisation and agitation to an actual
struggle for power and an actual insurrection against bougeoisie . Those in the
party who are irresolute or sceptical , or compromising, or cowardly .....
oppose the insurrection, they look for theortical arguments to justify their
opposition, and they find them all ready made , among their opponents of
yesterday.
Trotsky p 19
Page 72
" It is necessary to direct ourselves, not by old formulas but by new
realities."
Lenin p25
He always fought for the future against the past.
p41
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But a moment comes when the habit of thinking that the enemy is strongest
becomes main obstacle to victotry.
Trotsky p 48
...... But in such circumstances not every party will have its Lenin.
....... What does it means to loose the moment?
All the art of tactics consists in this to to match the moment when the
combination of circumstances is most favourable......
( Circumstances had produced the combination and Lenin said ) The crisis must
be settled in one way or another " Now or never" repeated Lenin.
P 52
Page 73
The strength of a revolutionary party grows to a certain point, after which
the contrary may happen .........
" To hesitate is crime" wrote at the begining of October, " To wait for the
Congress of Soviets is a childish playing with formalities, a disgraceful
playing with formalities, it is betraying the revolution."
.......................................... : 0 : ...........................
Opportune Moment : -----
Time is an important factor in politics. It is thousand times more so in war
and revolution. Things can be done today that cannot be done tomorrow. To raise
in arms to defeat the enemy , to seize power, may be possible today and tomorrow
may be impossible. But, you will say , to seize power means changing the course
of history; is it possible that such a thing can depend on a delay of 24 hours?
Even so, when it comes to an armed insurrection, events are not measured by long
yards of politics but by short yards of war. To lose a few weeks , a few days ,
sometimes even one day , may mean giving up the revolution , may mean
capitulation.
Political cunning is always dangerous , especially in a revolution . You may
deceive the enemy, but you may confuse the masses who are following you.
Page 74
Hesitation :----
Hesitation on the part of the leaders, and felt by their followers , is
generally harmful in politics; but in the case of an armed insurrection, it is a
deadly danger.
War :----
......... War is war ; come what may, there must be no hesitation or loss of
time.
...................................... :0 : ......................
The inefficient Leader : ---
........ There are two kinds of leaders who incline to drag the party back at
the moment when it should go fastest. One kind also tends to see over whelming
difficulties and obstacles in the way of revolution and looks at them -----
consciously or unconsciously -- with the desire of avoiding them. They alter
Marxism into a system for explaining why revolutionary action is impossible.
The other kind are mere superficial agitators. They see never any obstacle
untill they can break their heads against them. They think they can avoid real
difficulties by floods of oratory. They look at every thing with supreme
optimism , and , naturally change right over when something has actually to be
done.
P 80
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